WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION
The existence of human society is present in the psychological world of society. The relationship of individual people with society is established through socialization. The behavior of a newborn child is basically instinct; the behavior of a child without the influence of education is called socialization. That is, it can be said that in social life, people not only possess dignity but also become aware of the duties associated with it. The process by which the human child acquires the skills or techniques to perform all these social duties from birth is called socialization. According to J.S. Ross, “Socialization is the development of our feelings toward associates and the growth in their capacity and will to act together. In this context, it can be said that socialization and sociability are two things, not the same. Socialization refers to a system; on the other hand, sociability refers to a special quality of a person, that is, the ability to socialize with others and establish relationships easily.
PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
Sociologist Robertson discussed four types of socialization process in his book Sociology. They are discussed below.
PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION
The most important aspect of early socialization is the internalization of social norms. The internalization of social norms refers to the process by which social norms become embedded in the individual’s personality. After a child is born, there is no moral or immoral, desirable or undesirable, good or bad, etc. Concepts do not reside in them. Direct or indirect observation, experience, behavior, correct rules, principles of use, and principles are mastered by them through the elements of the socialization process.
ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION
Expectant socialization is the process by which individuals socialize themselves into the lifestyle of a group; This type of socialization in the group with which the individual desires to be associated is known as prospective socialization. For example, an individual who intends to become a teacher may adopt the behaviors of a teacher. Can apply self-mastery.
DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION
Such social factors are associated with early socialization. During early socialization, a child or individual is internalizing the norms of society or internalizing what is moral, what is desirable, what is desirable, and what is good. The developmental socialization process continues based on acquired knowledge, intelligence, and skills.
ACCORDING TO ROBERTSON ” Developmental socialization builds on already acquired skills and knowledge as the adult progresses through new situations…. New learning is added to and blended with old in a relatively smooth and continuous process of development.”
RE-SOCIALIZATION
Changes in the roles of social individuals occur both within the group and as members of the new group, resulting in the individual’s departure from previously acquired learning and the substitution of perceptual norms or experiences. This process is known as full socialization i.e. full socialization is done when there is a fundamental change in social roles. For example, it can be said that if a single, married or widowed young woman is thrown into a brothel and takes prostitution in an ironic twist of fate, then full socialization of the concerned unfortunate is done.
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
IMITATION
Imitation is when one person imitates the behavior of another person. For example, a child reading his grandmother’s glasses or trying to walk in a grandmother’s walk by imitating.
SUGGESTION
Suggestion is a type of communication process through which a proposal or information is conveyed to another and the other person accepts and accepts the related information with conviction. Children are affected by this imitation process because they do not have the knowledge of reasoning. But with the increase in age, thinking power and intelligence, the possibility and capacity of parenting decreases. Because of this, the process of parenting is not easily effective in the case of the elderly but it is in the case of children. But it must be noted that the action of the parenting process is not the same in children of different societies and in all children of the same society.
IDENTIFICATION
In childhood, the child does not deal with everything consciously, at this time the child cannot distinguish between his biological existence and the environment around him, but as the child grows older, the child’s cognition develops and gradually what things are needed to fulfill his needs become a matter of integration of the child. In this way, the child assimilates various toys, pictures, picture books, etc., which will be used for his entertainment.
LANGUAGE
Language is a medium of social communication.In early childhood, the child produces random sounds and then gradually acquires the mother tongue. In fact, language influences personality from childhood .
Bidyabhushan and Sachdev commented on this, “Language is the medium of social intercourse. It is the means of cultural transmission.”
FAMILY AND SOCIALIZATION
Socialization first begins in the family. Family is the most enduring organization. No institution can develop a child’s body and mind like a family. Some of the roles of the family are discussed below.
1. Through the family a child acquires discipline, moral ideals, social norms and manners in a word socialization of the child is completed.
2. As a result of socialization, social traditions are transmitted from one generation to another and the responsibility of this transmission is definitely the family. Through the understanding of family members, family ideas and attitudes are easily transmitted among the offspring.
3. In the current era of urbanization, industrialization, westernization and modernization, the joint family has broken down into anu family. In this case, the child’s psychological socialization process depends entirely on the parent. Sometimes the children are being led into danger or their mental health is disturbed due to the lack of attention of the parents. Again, they are not able to adjust the type of excessive attention.
4. A strict directive attitude of parents is harmful as well as not conducive to the formation of a permissive attitude and routine in children. Is a controlling attitude considered appropriate for maintaining a person’s mental health? In this case, children do not feel subordinated, but are controlled and directed. Family can be said to be the ‘ Turning point of Civilization.’
SCHOOL AND SOCIALIZATION
Socialization begins with the family, but later the school takes the main role of socialization. Some of the roles of the school are discussed below.
1. Experiences that cannot be gained in the family can be gained in the school environment.
2. When a child is in school, many of his behaviors are not conducive to personal development. The school is responsible for correcting the undesirable behavior experiences received from the family.
3. Social Norms School plays an important role in preserving ideals. Social norms and ideals are inculcated in the child by the school. So it can be said that the school has the responsibility of preserving and performing the social tradition.
4. At various stages of institutional education, a child is exposed to the modern science, technology, economy, arts, co-curricular activities etc. of a changing society, i.e. through the experience gained from school, various social values are assimilated in the child.
5. Through schooling, the child’s emotional integration takes place.
PEER’S GROUP AND SOCIALIZATION
Here is a discussion on how peer group or peer group affects socialization.
1. Adolescents often seek validation or acceptance from their peers which can affect their sense of identity formation.
2. Interacting together with peers develops various social skills such as cooperation, empathy, competition etc.
3. Emotional support by peer groups provides a sense of belonging and camaraderie among adolescent girls. That is, peer relationships can contribute to emotional resilience and well-being.
4. Interactions with peer groups can have both positive and negative effects on adolescent girls.